Opthalmology
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Department of Ophthalmology
Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai
Government Rajaji Hospital was originally established as ERSKINE Hospital in 1842. It was taken over by the Madurai Municipality in 1872, and later the State Government assumed administration in 1918. In 1954, the hospital became a teaching institution attached to Madurai Medical College.
The Department of Ophthalmology at Madurai Medical College was started in 1956, and Dr. G. Venkataswamy (Founder of the Aravind Eye Care System) was appointed as the first Professor and Head of the Department. He served in this position for 20 years, playing a pivotal role in developing the department.
In 1966, the first Rehabilitation and Low Vision Centre in India was established in the Department of Ophthalmology at Madurai Medical College, marking a significant milestone in eye care services.
For more than 70 years, the Department of Ophthalmology at Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, has been providing comprehensive eye care services and has evolved into a major regional eye care centre for the people of South Tamil Nadu. In recent years, the department has undergone significant modernization to enhance patient care and ensure that people from southern districts prefer this institution for advanced eye treatment.
At present, the department offers advanced eye surgeries, specialized diagnostic services, and treatment facilities. It also provides postgraduate medical training in MS Ophthalmology and allied eye health courses such as B.S. Optometry, supported by modern infrastructure and state-of-the-art medical equipment.
View Facilities Details:
Click here to view the complete list of facilities (PDF)
| S.No | Photo | Name | Designation | Qualification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ![]() |
Dr. K. Kavitha | Professor & HOD | M.S., DNB |
Prof Dr.K.Kavitha
Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 57278
Prof Dr.N.Parvatha Sundari
Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 59349
Dr.P.Saravana Sankar
Associate Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 65630
Dr.S.I.Thasneem Suraiya
Associate Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 74476
Dr.E.Rajeshwari
Associate Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 74447
Dr S.Sangeetha
Assistant Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 83638
Dr.E.Indhumathi
Assistant Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 90301
Dr K.Selvi
Assistant Professor
Qualification : D.O,M.S Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 83646
Dr M.Marimuthu
Assistant Professor
Qualification : M.S.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 99133
Dr C.Kumaradevan
Senior Resident
Qualification : D.O.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 71109
Dr.Sathya Kala.K
Senior Resident
Qualification : D.O.Ophthal.
TNMC Registration No: 89308
DR.BHARATHI RAJAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Qualification : MS(OPHTHAL)
TNMC Registration No: 95430
DR.RASIGA THIVYA.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Qualification : MS(OPHTHAL)
TNMC Registration No: 88113
DR.J.YAVANA RANI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Qualification : MS(OPHTHAL)
TNMC Registration No: 91260
DR.PRIYADHARSHINI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Qualification : M.S.,
TNMC Registration No:
DR.MOHAN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Qualification : M.S.,
TNMC Registration No:
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Cornea and Orbit Clinic |
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Glaucoma & Uvea Clinic |
CLINICAL SERVICES
CATARACT SURGERIES
Paediatrics cataract surgeries, high risk cataract surgeries, traumatic cataractsurgeries are done
GLAUCOMA SURGERIES
Glaucoma surgeries, trabeculectomy, combined surgeries
SQUINT EVALUATION
Squint evaluation, diplopia management, ptosis correction surgeries are done
LASER PROCEDURES
ND YAG Laser
PRP laser
INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS
Bevacizumab
Ranibizumab
Triamcinolone
PAEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY
Posterior polar cataract, Amblyopia management done
NEUROOPHTHALMOLOGY
Cases like traumatic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, nerve palsies, LHON, are diagnosed and treated
KERATOPLASTY
Therapeutic keratoplasty, optical keratoplasty are done for non healing corneal ulcers
SURGERIES DONE UNDER CMCHIS SCHEME
All medical management for diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy and glaucoma surgeries are commonly done in all speciality clinics
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Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty/ Optical penetrating keratoplasty
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Scleral patch graft
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Anterior vitrectomy
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Monthly Intravitreal Anti VEGF for macular degeneration
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Diabetic macular edema Intravitreal BEVACIZUMAB/ RANIBIZUMAB
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Photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy
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Orbitotomy
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Lid reconstruction surgery/ Blepharoplasty
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Paediatric cataract surgery (Phacoemulsification IOL/ SICS IOL)
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Photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity
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Glaucoma filtering surgery for paediatric glaucoma
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Laser NDYAG peripheral iridotomy/ capsulotomy
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Adult glaucoma surgery/ Trabeculectomy/ Implant surgery
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Surgical management for secondary glaucoma
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Scleral / Corneal tear repair
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Refractory corneal ulcer management / Healing corneal ulcer
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Intravitreal Triamcinolone / antibiotics
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Lateral tarsorrhaphy
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Corneal patch graft
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Amniotic membrane graft / autograft (for pterygium)
GLAUCOMA WEEK AWARENESS
3D CATARACT SURGERY CME
Clinical Society Cases:
|
Cases presented in clinical soceity meetings |
YEAR
|
|
CLINICAL SOCEITY MEETING in 2022
A CASE OF SPENOIDAL WING MENINGIOMA BY DR.ARUNA (POSTGRADUATE) |
2022 |
|
CLINICAL SOCIETY MEETING ON 05/12/24
A RARE CASE OF OPTIC NERVE INFILTRATION - PRESENTING AS CML
|
2024 |
|
CLINICAL SOCIETY MEETING ON 05/03/26
A case of Ocular Tuberculosis in a Miliary TB patient,by DR.Kavya |
2024 |
Prof Dr. Kavitha
Analytical study of genetic polymorphisms in ROP progression and regression (research completed)
-
Analytical study of long term effect on intraocular pressure after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy
-
A study on the clinical features of spontaneous regression of retinopathy of prematurity.
-
A prevalence and pattern of ocular toxicity in tuberculosis patients on ethambutol.
-
A cross sectional study of ocular changes in patients on long term treatment with Hydroxychloroquine / chloroquine.
-
A study on relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic peripheral neuropathy – neurodegenerative and microvascular changes.
-
Prospective study of neuroophthalmic manifestations in intracranial space occupying lesion.
Prof Dr. N. Parvathasundari
-
Influence of cluster in genetic variants on intraocular pressure elevation and response to medical therapy in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in subpopulation of South India (research ongoing).
-
A comparative study aiming at incidence of dry eye after phacoemulsification between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
-
A Study on corneal collagen cross linking for treatment of non-healing infectious corneal ulcer.
-
Comparative study on visual outcome following simultaneous cataract and pterygium surgery with conjunctival autograft with and without suture (Fibrin glue).
-
An observational study on correlation of types of orbital fractures and occurence of late enophthalmos.
-
A study to correlate urine protein creatinine ratio with the types of diabetic macular edema on optical coherence tomography.
Dr. P. Saravanashankar
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A study on ganglion cell analysis versus Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness by spectral domain OCT in glaucoma diagnosis.
-
A study on the effect of macular thickness and visual acuity before and after PRP in proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients.
-
A study on ganglion cell analysis versus Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness by spectral domain OCT in glaucoma diagnosis.
Dr Thasneem Suraiya
Analytical study of Genetic polymorphisms in ROP Progression & Regression research (completed)
-
Study on povidone iodine in viral conjunctivitis.
-
Prevalence and patterns of ocular toxicity in tuberculosis patients on Ethambutol.
-
A study on relationship between Diabetic retinopathy and Diabetic peripheral neuropathy – neurodegenerative and microvascular changes.
-
Prospective study of neuroophthalmic manifestations in intracranial space occupying lesions.
-
Study on efficacy of combined intravenous methyl prednisolone and oral mycophenolate mofetil in moderate to severe thyroid eye disease management.
-
Analytical study on Retinal Neurodegeneration in Chronic Kidney Disease.
Dr. Rajeswari
-
Comparative evaluation of corneal endothelial changes in diabetics vs non diabetics undergoing phacoemulsification.
-
Intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure changes in patients with acute myocardial infarction – cross sectional study.
-
A comparative study aiming at incidence of dry eye after phacoemulsification between menopausal and postmenopausal women.
-
A study on corneal collagen crosslinking for treatment of non healing infectious corneal ulcer.
-
Glaucomatous and retinal changes in obstructive sleep apnea patients.
-
An observational study on correlation of types of orbital fractures and occurrence of late enopthalmos.
-
Comparative study on visual outcome following simultaneous cataract and pterygium surgery with conjunctival autograft with and without suture (fibrin glue).
-
Comparative study of impact of Quality of life in patients with POAG with moderate visual field loss with DM vs without DM.
Dr. Indhumathi
Analytical study of influence of polymorphisms of VEGF + 936T/C, ACE ID, TNF308G/A, GSTP1 genes on retinopathy of Prematurity progression/regression (COMPLETED)
-
Analytical study of long term effect on intraocular pressure after Nd:Yag laser capsulotomy.
-
A cross sectional study of ocular changes in patients on long term treatment with Hydroxychloroquine / Chloroquine.
-
A study on long term result of trypan blue injection in capsular bag to prevent posterior capsule opacification.
-
Outcomes of Pars Plana Vitrectomy with and without intraocular tamponade in retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy : a comparative study.
-
Comparison of 10-2 and 24-2 test grids for identifying central visual field defects in glaucoma and suspect patients.
Dr. S Sangeetha
-
A study to correlate urine protein creatinine ratio with the types of diabetic macular edema on optical coherence tomography.
Dr. Selvi
-
Evaluation of efficacy of botropase as an adhesive in conjunctival autograft for primary pterygium surgery – a prospective interventional study.
-
A comparative analysis of 3 weeks of topical corticosteroid and 6 weeks of nepafenac with usual protocol of 6 weeks of topical corticosteroid in control of inflammation and macular edema following cataract surgery.
-
A Study on undercorrection of myopia in arresting myopia progression and effect of outdoor play and screentime on incidence and progression of myopia in children.
Dr. Yavana Rani
-
Association between facial fracture patterns and traumatic optic neuropathy in patients with facial trauma at a tertiary care centre.
-
Nonlinear relationship between HbA1c and progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with DM.
Dr. Rasiga Thivya
-
A cross–sectional study on association between glaucoma and chronic kidney disease.
-
Visual outcome of steroid therapy after traumatic optic neuropathy.
-
A comparative study of vision related quality of life (VRQOL) among glaucoma and non glaucoma patients at a tertiary care centre.
-
An evaluation of anterior chamber depth using anterior segment optical coherence tomography before and after laser peripheral iridotomy.
-
Long term IOP changes following intravitreal bevacizumab comparative study of susceptible and non susceptible eyes.
Dr. Priyadarshini
-
An anisometric amblyopia treated with spectacles correction alone factors predicting success and timing and efficacy of occlusion therapy.
Dr. Marimuthu
-
A study on the clinical features of spontaneous regression of retinopathy of prematurity.
-
A comparative study on short term versus long term efficacy of topical nepafenac in diabetic macular edema.
-
A Study on usage of 0.01% atropine eyedrops in high myopic children and it’s effect on progression of myopia.
-
A study on intraoperative complications and visual outcome of cataract surgery in pseudoexfoliation patients.
UG Students
Dr Sahana G – 2023 Batch
Investigating the association between serum copper / zinc ratio and diabetic retinopathy severity in patients with T2DM.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Speciality clinic neuro ophthalmology and squint clinic running successfully and is managing interesting cases. The following few worth mentioning cases are referred from other department and from other colleges like govt theni medical colleges, Sivagangai medical College, Dindigul hospital were;
1) patient k/c /o TB presented with multiple cranial nerve palsies were later diagnosed to be tb meningitis and treated accordingly
2) patient presented with visual hallucinations and aura was detailly evaluated and diagnosed to be Ca breast metastasis.
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26/F, referred from OG preeclampsia patient regarding headache and papilledema evaluation in the view of termination of pregnancy, patient was diagnosed as pseudo papilledema as Optic nerve head drusens and managed further by medical management.
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Harada disease, 21/F, referred from Theni medical college hospital, was diagnosed here as Multiple serous detachment with harada disease and treated with Injection Methylprednisolone 3 days and followed by topical steroids.
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Patient came with blurring of vision, latera diagnosed as anemic retinopathy and referred to medicine where hb was found to b 4 g/ dl and treated
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A patient T2DM / PLHA was diagnosed as B/L CRVO, after doing BE OCT vasculitis workup to find out the causes were done and advised Injection Bevacizumab after obtaining fitness.
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Many cases of traumatic optic neuritis were diagnosed both on outpatient and trauma inpatients and managed medically by ONTT.
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22/M, diagnosed as LE ocular TB / Eales disease, was advised to start ATT and regular follow up to be done for disease prognosis.
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PAPER PRESENTATIONS;
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Case of choroidal hemangioma - APAO- AIOS 2025
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Postgraduates won semifinals in teachers tomorrow in international conference 2025
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Various paper and poster presentations in TNOA and WOS ophthalmology conferences
ACADEMIC AND TRAINING
UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION
Imparting comprehensive knowledge and clinical skills in Ophthalmology to MBBS Students to enable them to provide primary level care.
POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION
Training specialist Ophthalmologists in MS – Master of Surgery, focusing on advanced clinical, surgical and operative skills. Postgraduates are trained in attending workshops,national and international conferences.
OPTOMETRIST EDUCATION
Training optometrist in Ophthalmology through B.Sc.,Optometrist, and making them skilled in refraction, orthoptics.
ALUMINI FEST PG MEDALIST -2020,2021,2022
UG QUIZ COMPETITION
ORGAN DONATION COMPETITION- PRICE WINNERS
TNOA QUIZ WINNERS
CME on Botox – 04.07.2025
INAUGRATION BY DEAN ,DEAN FELICITATION,KUTHUVILAKKU LIGHTING:
WELCOME ADDRESS,SCIENTIFIC SESSION,VOTE OF THANKS:
M.S(OPHTHAL) POSTGRADUATES QUIZ & POSTER WINNERS-PRIZE DISTRIBUTION:
Department Medals Winners:
UG RANK HOLDERS
2020 BATCH-DR.SRIDHARSHINI
2019 DR.ILAKKIYA.G
2019 - 2018 DR.PRIYADARSHAN & DR.KANISHKA
PG RANK HOLDERS
2022 BATCH-DR.NAJVA & DR.NAGAROHINI
2020 DR.SAI MEENAKSHI
2020-DR.KIRUBA & DR.RESHMA
University Rank Holders:
2006 DR.N.PARVATHA SUNDARI
2013 DR.VIJAYALAKSHMI
Other Awards
PGs:
- First prize,poster presentation in National medical education conference,MMC RCMET,2026-Dr.Sugirthi,Second Prize-Dr.Beulah Thomas
- Second place in paper presentation,TNOA Mid year meet,2026-Dr.Suganthi
- Second place in JAM,TNOA,Mid yr meet,2026-Dr.Nisapthini
- Second prize in Teachers of tomorrow in IIRSI conference,2026-Dr.Sruthi & Dr.Kavya
- Winner of Tamilnadu Ophthalmic association quiz 2025-Dr.Najva & Dr.Bhuvana
- Best paper of the session in Women Ophthalmological soceity conference 2025-Dr.Sivasangari
- Winner of Tamilnadu Ophthalmic association quiz 2023-Dr.Sivaranjani & Dr.Preethi
- Winner of Tamilnadu Ophthalmic association quiz 2012-Dr.Vijayalakshmi team
UGs:
- First place in state level Glaucoma week celebration Quiz competition,held at RIOGOH,Chennai,2026-Dr.Raja,Dr.Arnika,Second prize-Dr.Ashwin & Dr.Mohana Krishnan
- Vadamalayan endowment award,by The Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R Medical university,2026-Dr.Elakkiya,2k19 batch
- First Place in INVICTUS,intercollege ophthalmology quiz,2025-Dr.Poojitha,Dr.Lakshitha
- Oculofest-inercollege quiz competition,Trichy medical college- winners 2025,2023
Heading:
Former Heads of the Department
Description:
The Department of Ophthalmology at Madurai Medical College and Government Rajaji Hospital has been led by several distinguished professors who served as Heads of the Department over the years. Their leadership and contributions have played an important role in strengthening patient care, medical education, and research activities in the department.
The following list presents the former Heads of the Department along with their period of service.
View Former HOD Photos:
Click here to view Former HOD Photo Gallery (PDF)
| S.No | Name of the Person | From | To | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dr. Venkatasamy, MS, DO | 1956 | 1976 | 20 |
| 2 | Dr. Thiagarajan, MS | 1976 | 1982 | 6 |
| 3 | Dr. Saravanan, MS., D.O. | 1984 | 1986 | 2 |
| 4 | Dr. M.C. Palani, MS., D.O. | 1992 | — | — |
| 5 | Dr. Manicka Vasagam, MS., D.O. | 1993 | 1995 | 2 |
| 6 | Dr. Selva Sundari, MS., D.O. | 1997 | 1999 | 2 |
| 7 | Dr. Kanniappan, MS., D.O. | 1999 | 2002 | 3 |
| 8 | Dr. Parimala Devi, MS., D.O. | 1999 | 2003 | 4 |
| 9 | Dr. Gita Ramani, MS., D.O. | 2002 | 2007 | 5 |
| 10 | Dr. Unnamalai, B.Sc., MS., D.O. | 2003 | 2007 | 4 |
| 11 | Dr. Muthuramalingam, MS | June 2008 | July 2008 | 1 Month |
| 12 | Dr. Sulaimaan, MS | 2009 | 2011 | 2 |
| 13 | Dr. Thiagarajan, MS | 2011 | 2019 | 8 |
| 14 | Dr. Chandrakumar, MS | 2019 | 2021 | 2 |
| 15 | Dr. Vijay Shanmugam, MS | 2021 | 2023 | 2½ Years |
| 16 | Dr. K. Kavitha, MS., DNB. | 2023 | Till date | — |
PG :
In Madurai, The Erskines Hospital was established in 1842 and was taken over by the municipality of Madurai in 1872.
The state administration took over the hospital on 1918 and became a teaching Hospital in 1954.
the MS postgraduate program in ophthalmology started in Madurai Medical College in 1964.
| MS 2022-2023 | View |
| MS 2023-2024 | View |
| MS 2024-2025 | View |
2025-2026:
Dissertation Topics:
- Dr. P.Bhuvanambika - Analytical study of long term effect on intraocular pressure after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy
- Dr. Monisha .C-A study on the clinical features of spontaneous regression of retinopathy of prematurity.
- Dr. Saranya -A prevalence and pattern of ocular toxicity in tuberculosis patients on ethambutol.
- Dr. Veni .S -Study on role of povidone iodine in viral conjunctivitis
- Dr. Donya.G-A cross sectional study of ocular changes in patients on long term treatment with Hydroxychloroquine/ chloroquine
- Dr. Geetanjali -A study on relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic peripheral neuropathy- neurodegenerative and microvascular changes.
- Dr. Kiruthika - Prospective study of neuroophthalmic manifestations in intracranial space occupying lesion
- Dr. Meena-Comparative study on visual outcome following simultaneous cataract and pterygium surgery with conjunctival autograft with and without suture ( Fibrin glue)
- Dr. Mounica .S -A Study on undercorrection of myopia in arresting myopia progression and effect of outdoor play and screentime on incidence and progression of myopia in children.
- Dr. Nivetha.R -A Study on usage of 0.01% atropine eyedrops in high myopic children and it’s effect on progression of myopia
- Dr. Ponpooja - A comparative Analysis of topical corticosteroids for 3 weeks and NSAIDS for 6 weeks with usual protocol of 6 weeks of topical corticosteroid to control of inflammation and macular edema following cataract surgery.
- Dr.G.Preethi -A study on intraoperative complications and visual outcome of cataract surgery in pseudoexfoliation patients
- Dr.S.Preethi-A comparative study aiming at incidence of dry eye after phacoemulsification between premenopausal and postmenopausal women
- Dr. Rahila Rukzana-A Study on corneal collagen cross linking for treatment of non-healing infectious corneal ulcer.
- Dr. Santhiya -A comparative study on efficacy of standard automated perimetry Vs short wavelength automated perimetry in early diagnosis of glaucoma.
- Dr.Sivasankari-An observational study on correlation of types of orbital fractures and occurence of late enophthalmos
- Dr.Suganthi- A study to correlate urine protein creatinine ratio with the types of diabetic macular edema on optical coherence tomography
- Dr.Sunega- A prospective study on anisometric ambylopia treated with spectacles correction alone factors predicting success and timing and efficacy of occlusion therapy
- Dr. Supriya -A change on the status of macular thickness and visual acuity before and after prp in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
- Dr. Surekha.T- A study to compare and correlate macular ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer thickness and RNFL thickness with visual fields in POAG.
- Dr. Vidhya - A Study of long term result of trypan blue dye irrigation in capsular bag to prevent posterior capsule opacification.
- Dr.Vinitha.J-A Study on ganglion cell analysis versus peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness by spectral domain OCT in glaucoma diagnosis .
- Dr. Anjana N.K -Outcomes of Pars Plana Vitrectomy with and without intraocular tamponade in retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy : a comparative study
- Dr. Arthi Subhashini-A Comparative study of vision related Quality of Life(VRQoL) among Glaucoma and Non Glaucoma patients at a Tertiary care centre.
- Dr. Beulah Thomas - Assesing the role of predictive algorithms in optimising ROP screening . A diagnostic accuracy study of WINROP , CHOPROP and ROP score.
- Dr. Chithra - Comparision of 10-2 and 24-2 test grids for identifying central visual field defects in glaucoma and suspect patients .
- Dr. Karpaga Gayathri -Study on efficacy of combined intravenous methyl prednisolone and oral mycophenolate mofetil in moderate to severe thyroid eye disease management .
- Dr. Kavya.S- Association between facial fracture patterns and traumatic optic neuropathy in patients with facial trauma at a tertiary care centre.
- Dr. Kavyah.S - Evaluation of efficacy of botropase as an adhesive in conjunctival autograft for primary pterygium surgery - A prospective interventional study.
- Dr. Kayalvizhi.N - An evaluation of anterior chamber depth using as OCT before and after laser peripheral iridotomy
- Dr.Meenakshy.S.Kumar-Visual outcome of steroid therapy after traumatic optic neuropathy
- Dr. Nisapthni .M -Glaucomatous and retinal changes in obstructive sleep apnea patients - OCT and RNFL correlations.
- Dr. Prachi -Long Term IOP changes following intravitreal Bevacizumab Comparative study of Susceptible and Non Susceptible Eyes
- Dr. Ruati -Analytical study on Retinal Neurodegeneration in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Dr. Sathish Reddy -A Cross sectional study on association between glaucoma and chronic kidney disease.
- Dr. Sathya -Comparative study of impact of quality of life in patients with POAG with moderate visual field loss with DM vs without DM.
- Dr. Sindhujaa -A comparative study on short term versus long term efficacy of topical nepafenac in diabetic macular edema
- Dr. Sivendu.P -Intraocular pressure and Ocular perfusion pressure changes in patients with Acute Myocardial infarction :A Cross-sectional study
- Dr. Sneha Muralidharan -Comparative evaluation of corneal endothelial changes in diabetics vs non diabetics undergoing phacoemulsification.
- Dr.Sruthi -Nonlinear relationship between hba1c and progression of diabetic retinopathy in pts with DM
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